Anti-Human TNFα Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic, 17-kDa homotrimeric cytokine synthesized chiefly by activated macrophages but also by T cells, NK cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes; it signals through two distinct receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, to orchestrate a vast array of biological processes including activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways that drive pro-inflammatory gene expression, induction of fever, chemokine secretion for leukocyte recruitment, enhancement of cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses, and promotion of apoptosis or necroptosis via caspase-8 or RIPK1/RIPK3 signaling, while also mediating cachexia and insulin resistance in chronic inflammation, and its dysregulated overproduction is a central driver of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, sepsis, and neurodegeneration, making it a prime therapeutic target for monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol.